Prepositions-1

A preposition is a word that links a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence.

A few common prepositions with examples:

ON:

a) with touching surfaces:

-The book is on the desk.
-The label is on the jar.
-Go and sit on the chair.
-He live on the 1st floor of this apartment.
-There is a beautiful article on pg 12.
-Bhadrachalam is on the bank of Godavari.
-The ship travels on the water.
-There is a beautiful picture on the wall.
-I had pie with whipped cream on top of it.

b) to specify specific day or date:

-He was born on 18th January.
-She will be there on Diwali.
-We met on Sunday.
-He is working on his homework at the movement.

c) to indicate electronic devices:

-Siva is talking on the phone.
-She has been on the computer since this morning.
-I like to watch reality shows on TV.

d) to indicate a part of the body:

-The stick hit me on the leg.
-I got wound on my right hand.

e) to indicate the state of something:

-Everything in this store is on sale.
-The building is on fire.

f) with small islands:

-They spend weekend on Pichuka Lanka.

g) with directions:

-Go on straight. Dont take turns.
-Bring the book on the left side of you.



IN:

a) with unspecific times during a day, month, year or season:

-I went there in 1978.
-We arrived in this country in October.
-I lived in India in the 1980s.
-We get up early in the morning.
-I like to go for walk in the evening.
-We often get cyclones in the summer.

b) with the action that will occur in the future:

-I will see you in a few days.
-We will meet in a couple of days.

c) with countries, cities, regions:

-He lives in Delhi.
-She arrived in Hyderabad for the seminar.
-I am going to see her in Pune this Dasara.
-My hometown is Guntur, which is in Andhra Pradesh.

d) to indicate a location or place:

-Our seats are in the third row.
-I met Vani in the street.
-Who is that lady in the photograph?
-What do you have in your hand?
-The book is in the drawer.
-She looked me directly in the eyes.
-I am currently staying in a hotel.
-I want to go for a walk in the garden.

e) with a shape, colour or size:

-Colour the building in orange.
-Stand in a line.
-This model comes in four different sizes.
-You have to stand in queue to get the ticket.

f) to express while doing something:

-In preparing for the 1st Sem., I revised the whole syllabus.
 -A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.

g) with a belief, opinion, interest or feeling:

- I dont believe in the sentiments.
-I have good opinion in him.
-We are not interested in playing now.

h) with the bodies of water:

-Fish lives in the water.
-We find shells in the sea.
-Lotus grows in the pond.

AT

a)with specific time during the day:

-Lets meet at 9 o'clock.
-The bus reaches at 5 p.m.
-I love to go shopping at Diwali time.
-Do you dream at night.

b) with places in town, cities etc.

-There is a party at Grand Kakatiya .
-There were hundreds of people at the park.
-I am going to stay at home  today.
-He arrived at work early this morning.
-Stand at the door.
-I will meet you at the end of the street.
-Turn left at the lights.

c) to indicate email address:

-Please email me at spf@gmail.com.
  
d) to indicate an activity:

-He laughed at my acting.
-I am good at colouring.
-He works at the hospital.

e)  with places on a thing

-You keep this ad at the top of the page.
-Write my name at the bottom of the page.
-The student finished the school year at the top of his class.

f)in groups of people:

-He always sits at the back of the class.

g)some adjectives follows by at:

i)good/excellent/brilliant
-They are excellent at planning parties.

ii)bad/hopless
-Unfortunately, I am hopeless at being on time.

iii)amazed/astonished/shocked/surprised
-I was amazed at his stamina.


Important  Notes:

a)In/at/on the corner

-in the corner of a room, but at the corner of a street.

b)In/at/on the front

-in the front/in the back of a car.
-at the front/ at the back of a building.
-on the front/on the back of a piece of a paper.

c)in the morning/afternoon/evening but at night

-wake up early in the morning.
-Go to bed early at night.

d)At/on the top

-Your forehead is at the top of your head.
-Your hair is on the top of your head.

Divisibility rules

        If we want to find a particular number whether divisable by a particular number faster most preferably in competitive exams this is very useful. Here are some divisibility rules.

Divisibility by 2 rule

A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is 0,2,4,6,8.

Eg:-98740 is divisable by 2 as its unit digit is 0.

Divisibility by 3 rule

A number is divisable by 3 when the sum of its digits is divisable by 3.

Eg:-6324 is divisable by 3 (6+3+2+4=15, which is divisable by 3).

Divisibility by 4 rule

A number is divisible by 4 if the number’s last two digits are divisible by 4.

Eg:-9824 is divisable by 4 because last two digits 24 is divisable by 4.

Divisibility by 5 rule

A number is divisible by 5 if unit digit is 0 or 5.

Eg:-7840 is divisible by 5 as its unit digit is 0.

Divisibility by 6 rule

A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2,3.

Eg:-114 is divisible by 6 as it is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Divisibility by 7 rule

To check if a number is divisible by 7 we should Double the last digit, then subtract result from the rest of the digits. Repeat for larger numbers until result is a 2-digit number

Eg:-7357 is divisible by 7 as last digit=7,7*2=14.

                          Then subtract 14 from 735=721.

                                                            1*2=2

                              Then subtract 2 from 72=70

Now the two digit number 70 is divisible by 7, (7*10=70).

Divisibility by 8 rule

A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits is divisible by 8.

Eg:-9640 is divisible by 8 (640/8=80).

Divisibility by 9 rule

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of digits are evenly divisible by 9.

Eg:-4518 is divisible by 9 (4+5+1+8=18,18/9=2)

Divisibility by 10 rule

A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is 0.

Eg:-5960 is divisible by 10, while 5965 is not divisible by 10.

Divisibility by 11 rule

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of sums of alternating digits is 0 or divisible by 11.

Eg:-10813 is divisible by 11 as (1+8+3)-(0+1)=11.which is divisible by 11.

Divisibility by 12 rule

A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 3 and 4.

Eg:-648 is divisible by 12 as (6+4+8=18 divisible by 3),(12*4=48 divisible by 4)

Divisibility by 13 rule

If a number must be divisible by 13 we must multiply the unit digit of the given number with 4 and add to truncated no. repeat the process till we get small no.

Eg:-936=6*4=24,93+24=117(7*4=28)

=11+28=39

As 39 is divisible by 13 (13*3), the whole number 936 is divisible is by 13.

Divisibility   by 14 rule

If a number is divisible by 2 and 7 it is divisible by 14

Eg:-42 is divisible by 14 as it is divisible by both 2 and 7(unit digit 2 is divisible by 2)(42 is divisible by 7)

Divisibility by 15 rule

A number is divisible by 15 if it is divisible by 3 and 5.

Eg:-435 is divisible by 15 as it is divisible by both 3&5

(4+3+5=12;12 is divisible by 3), (unit digit is 5 so divisible by 5)

Divisibility by 16 rule

If the thousands digit is even take the last three digits. If the thousands digit is odd, add 8 to the last three digits. With the 3-digit number, multiply hundreds digit by 4, then add the last two digits.

Eg:- 254,176: Thousands digit = 4, so take 176 (1 × 4) + 76 = 80 80 = 5 x 16

       693,408: Thousands digit = 3, 408 + 8 = 416 (4 x 4) + 16 = 32, 32 = 2 x16

Divisibility by 17 rule

If  we subtract 5 times the last digit from the rest.

Eg:-221 is divisible by 17 as 22-(1*5)=17.

Divisibility by 18 rule

If a number is divisible by 2 and 9 it is divisible by 18.

Eg:-54 is divisible by 18 as it is divisible by 2&9

(unit number 4 is divisible by 2); (5+4=9 divisible by 9)

Divisibility by 19 rule.

If a number must be divisible by 19 we should add twice the last digit to the rest

Eg:-437 is divisible by 19 as 43 + (7 × 2) = 57; 5 + (7 x 2) = 19

Divisibility by 20 rule

Divisible by 10 and the tens digit is even.

 Eg:-360 is divisible by 20 as last digit = 0 and 6 is even.

Note:-

If a number a is divisible by another number x then it is divisible by the other factors of x.

Eg:-we know that 24 is divisible by 12.

Therefore 24 is also divisible by all the other factors of 12.(1,2,3,4,6) 

Collective Nouns

Here are some collective nouns for children:

-ambush of tigers
-army  of  ants, caterpillars, eagles, frogs, soldiers.
-arsenal of guns
-atlas of maps

-bag of game
-bale of cotton, wool
-band of musicians, robbers
-batch of bread
-battalion of soldiers
-battery of guns, artillery
-bed of snakes, oysters, flowers
-beam of rays
-bench of judges
-bevvy of alcoholics
-bevy of beauties,deer, doves, ladies, maidens, girls, swans
-blush of boys
-board of directors, trustees, examiners
-boll of flour
-bond of women
-bouquet of flowers
-brace of dentists
-brigade of soldiers
-brood of chickens(hatched at the same time)
-bunch of flowers, grapes, keys, 
-bundle of clothes, hay, sticks
-bushel of apples

-caravan of camels
-cargo of goods
-carillion of bells
-caste of flower-pots
-chain of islands, matches
-choir of angels, singers
-clutch of eggs
-clump of trees
-class of students
-cloud of bats, locusts
-clowder of cats
-cluster of cats, bombs, computers, spiders, grapes, grasshoppers, stars,                         diamonds, knots, bananas
-code of laws
-collection of coins, stamps
-colony of bats, fungi, rabbits, rats
-company of actors, merchants, shareholders, soldiers
-congress of delegates, representatives
-council of advisers
-course of events, lectures
-crew of sailors
-cry of dogs, hounds
-culture of bacteria
-curriculum of studies

-deck of sailors
-doctrine of doctors
-draught of fish, butlers
-dray of squirrels
-drift of icebergs
-dropping of pigeons
-dynasty of kings, rulers

-earth of foxes

-faculty of academics
-fall of lambs, leaves, snow, rain
-faggot of sticks, twigs
-festival of balloons
-fleet of boats, cars, ducklings, lorries, ships, trucks, vehicles
-flight of refugees, aircrafts, arrows, bees, birds, insects, locusts, stairs, steps
-flock of tourists, camels, chickens, geese, sheep, birds
-fold of chairs

-gaggle of geese
-galaxy of stars
-gallery of paintings, pictures
-gang of workmen, convicts, robbers, thieves, prisoners
-garland of flowers
-genus of animals, plants
-grid of electricians
-group of people
-grove of trees

-haul of fish(taken in net)
-heap of ruins, sand, stones
-herd of cattle, deer, buffalo, donkeys, elephants, giraffes, goats, horses,                       kangaroos, pigs, swans, oxen, whales, yaks, zebras
-hill of beans
-hive of bees
-hoard of gold, jewels
-horde of savages
-host of angels
-hover of helicopters

-kennel of dogs
-knot of frogs

-leap of leopards
-league of states, powers
-library of books
-litter of puppies, kittens, piglets

-mass of clouds, ruin
-murder of crows
-muster of peacocks, troops

-nest of snakes, ants, eggs, rumours

-orchestra of musicians

-pack of wolves, rats, dogs, cards, asses, hounds
-panel of experts, judges, jury-men
-party of friends
-parade of elephants
-patrol of scouts, soldiers
-patter of footsteps
-peal of bells
-pile of arms, bricks, stones, wood, books
-plague of locusts
-pocket of oranges
-posse of police
-poultry of fowls, ducks
-pound of carpenters
-prattle of parrots
-pride of lions, peacocks

-quire of newspapers
-quiver of cobras, arrows
-quarrel of sparrows

-range of hills, mountains
-rhyme of poets
-round of drinks
-rope of onions, pearls
-row of athletes, chairs, trees

-school of fish, dolphins
-series of events
-set of mathematicians, bowls, tools
-sheaf of arrows, corn-stalks, paper
-shower of arrows, bullets, rain, stones
-sleuth of bears
-slither of snakes
-sloth of bears
-skein of silk, geese(in flight)
-spawn of umbrellas
-stack of arms, corn, hay, wood(piled together)
-staff of officials, servants, teachers
-stock of goods
-string of pearls
-suit of clothes
-suite of apartments, furniture, rooms
-swarm of ants, bees, flies, locusts
-syndicate of capitalists

-team of athletes, players, seals horses
-trail of followers
-tribe of natives
-troop of dancers, scouts, soldiers
-troupe of actors, artistes, dancers, performers
-tuft of grass, hair
-turn of turtles

-volley of shots, bullets

-wake of vultures
-walk of snails
-wreath of flowers

-yoke of cattle(two)|

VEDIC MATH (2)

SUBTRACTING:


If you are comfort with complements, then continue with subtractions.  In subtractions if the upper digit is bigger than the lower digit we can simply subtract and there is no problem. But if the upper digit is smaller than lower digit , we have to borrow and carry over which leads to several mistakes.  But in vedic math no need to borrow and carry over. Just to follow the sutra

                                 " All from 9 and last from 10"

Whenever upper digit is smaller than the lower digit, first we have to find out their difference and then their complement.

ex.  723-246

 723                   1. In the last column, the upper digit 3 is smaller than the   -246                       lower digit 6. So first we take the difference of the         ------                      two digits
    7                                            6-3=3
                             Now find the complement of the difference ,3.  As this is                              the first time we are using the complement we have to                                take it from 10.
                                                 10 - 3 = 7

 723                   2.  again 2 < 4. So we take the difference of the two digits.
-246                                           4 - 2 = 2
------                       Now the complement of 2
   77                                           9 - 2 = 7
                              (As we are using the complement for the second time we                                have to use 9)

 723                   3.  7 > 2 .  So we come out of the complement and subtract -246                        normally.
-------                                          7 - 2 = 5
 477                        Now subtract 1 extra in this column for complements.
                                                  5 - 1 = 4
                             (Whenever we come out of the complement  we have to                                subtract 1 extra)

                                             723 - 246 = 477




ex.  624 - 275            

 624                      5 - 4 = 1;            10 - 1 = 9
-275                      7 - 2 = 5;              9 - 5 = 4
------                     6 - 2 = 4;              4 - 1 = 3
 349   

                                            624 - 275 = 349

Practice few more examples to make perfect yourself:

   3726                 81364               412              924               742
  -1987               - 27986              -179             -868              -297
 ----------            --------          -------           -------           -------
    1739                53378              233                56               445
 ----------            ---------          -------          --------           -------


    952                   1000                6213             9821            72103
-   174                  - 873               -1696            -4982           -27984
---------                 -------              ---------         --------         ---------
    778                    127                 4517             4839            44119
---------                 --------             ---------         ---------        ---------

    2564                  9313                83104
   -1697                 -7954               -36536
   -------                --------              ---------
     867                   1359                46568
   -------                --------              ----------  

Depending   upon the value of the digits there is little variation in solving the problem. In the next posting we will learn if the upper digit is sometimes bigger and sometimes smaller than the lower digit.      

    

VEDIC MATH

       Now-a-days everybody talking about Vedic maths. Actually the name itself resembling the meaning. In vedas there are so many shortcut methods to solve the problems. These will make faster in solving in competitive exams. Moreover all these are done by oral so mind also become active.

       So from a long period I am trying to find a nice book which can be easily understand by my children. Luckily today when I am looking for a book in the library I find a really useful one written  by Vandana Singhal. Thanks to her for such a nice book.

       Whatever I read for today I am  posting, hoping it will be useful to your child also.

       The vedic math starts with understanding the word complement.

        Any number when subtracted from its nearest base will give its complement.
                          10-7=3
        Here 3 is called the complement of 7.

                          100-93=7
        Here 7 is the complement of 93.

        If number is having more digits it again become difficult to complement. For this there is a rule (sutra) in vedic maths. 

                              All from 9 and last from 10

       It is very easy to understand if you do some examples.

ex. complement of 753:

       instead of subtracting 753 from 1000 we can use the above sutra.


       Starting from right:
753         1. subtract 3 from 10 (as 3 is the last digit)
-----
   7              10-3=7  


753         2. subtract 5 from 9 (as 5 is not the last digit)
------
 47               9-5=4


753         3.subtract 7 from 9 (as all the digits, except the last digit have to   ----                                      subtracted from 9)
247               9-7=2


               Therefore complement of 753=247 


ex. complement of 7532: 

7532        10-2=8
------         9-3=6
2468         9-5=4
                9-7=2


                Therefore complement of 7532=2468

ex. complement of 70853:

70853        10-3=7
--------         9-5=4
29147          9-8=1
                  9-0=9
                  9-7=2

                Therefore complement of 70853=29147 

         If the number ends with 0 then we just write 0 as the last digit of complement also. we take the next digit from right as the last digit and subtract it from 10. All the other digits have to be subtracted from 9.

ex. complement of 4310:

4310                     0=0
-------               10-1=9
5690                  9-3=6
                         9-4=5

                 Therefore complement of 4310=5690.

     practice as many as possible to get perfection in complements before moving into next topic SUBTRACTION.